Article Sidebar

Submitted
Jan 11, 2020
Accepted
Apr 25, 2020
Published
Jul 8, 2020
Download
PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)
Statistic
Read Counter : 1480 Download : 1491

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

Kehadiran penaatan sukarela (voluntary approach) di negara berkembang telah menjadi alternatif untuk mendorong penaatan hukum. Penaatan sukarela dapat menjadi pelengkap instrumen atur dan awasi (command and control), untuk mengatasi keterbatasan sumber daya dan minimnya kemauan politik pemerintah. Proper yang pada masa awalnya merupakan salah satu instrumen penaatan sukarela yang dapat mendorong ketaatan hukum pesertanya. Namun belakangan, Proper dikritik karena tidak memberikan sanksi terhadap pesertanya yang berperingkat tidak taat. Pada titik singgung ini, menjadi bias pemaknaan Proper antara konteks penaatan sukarela dan command and control.

Artikel ini mengkaji secara normatif adanya dilema penerapan sanksi dalam Proper oleh KLHK selaku penyelenggara Proper. Dimana non-peserta Proper, cenderung mendapatkan keleluasaan akibat ketiadaan sistem pengawasan dan penegakan hukum. Sedangkan peserta Proper, yang secara sukarela telah bekerja sama untuk mempermudah pengawasan pemerintah, terancam sanksi apabila ditemukan pelanggaran. Sehingga apabila sanksi diterapkan terhadap peserta, dapat memberikan tekanan terhadap kesukarelaan peserta untuk melanjutkan kerja samanya dalam Proper.

Kata Kunci: penaatan sukarela, penegakan hukum lingkungan, proper

Article Details

How to Cite
Rahman, F. (2020). Dualisme Konteks Proper sebagai Instrumen Penaatan Sukarela dan Command and Control. Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia, 6(2), 235–265. https://doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v6i2.160
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. Peraturan perundang-undangan
  2. Indonesia, Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.
  3. _______, Peraturan Bank Indonesia Nomor 14/ 15 /PBI/2012 tentang Penilaian Kualitas Aset Bank Umum
  4. _______, Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 16 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyusunan Dokumen Lingkungan Hidup.
  5. _______, Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 tentang Pencantuman Logo Ekolabel.
  6. _______, Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 3 Tahun 2014 tentang Program Penilaian Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan Dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan (Permenlh Proper).
  7. _______, Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 38 Tahun 2019 tentang Jenis Rencana Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan Yang Wajib Memiliki Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Hidup.
  8. _______, Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor: Kep- 35 A/MENLH/7/1995 tentang Program Penilaian Kinerja Perusahaan/ Kegiatan Usaha Dalam Pengendalian Pencemaran Dalam Lingkup Kegiatan Prokasih (Proper Prokasih)
  9. Surat Edaran Departemen Penelitian dan Pengaturan Perbankan No. 15/28/DPNP tertanggal 31 Juli 2013 perihal Penilaian Kualitas Aset Bank Umum.
  10. Buku
  11. Adelman, David E., Climate Change, Federalism, and Promoting Technological Change. dalam Flournoy, Alyson C. Driesen, David M. (editor). Beyond Environmental Law, Policy Proposals For A Better Environmental Future, Cambridge University Press. 2010.
  12. Bruijn, Theo de, Vicki Norberg-Bohm. Innovations in the Environmental Policy System: Voluntary, Collaborative and Information-Based Policies in the United States and the Netherlands dalam Weber, Matthias. Hemmelskamp, Jens. Towards Environmental Innovation Systems, Springer, 2005,
  13. Carraro, Carlo, Francois Leveque. “The rationale and potential of voluntary approaches”, dalam Carlo Carraro, Francois Leveque (eds), Voluntary Approaches in Environmental Policy, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1999.
  14. Farmer, Andrew. Handbook of Environmental Protection and Enforcement, Principle and Practice, London: Routledge, 2007.
  15. Faure, Michael, Marjan Peeters, Andri G Wibisana. “Economic Instruments: Suited to Developing Countries?”, dalam Michael Faure dan Nicole Niessen (eds.), Environmental Law in Development: Lessons From The Indonesian Experience, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham UK, 2006.
  16. Fiorino, Daniel J., The New Environmental Regulation, England: The MIT Press, 2006.
  17. Hardjasoemantri, Koesnadi. Hukum Tata Lingkungan, ed. VIII, Cet. ke-19, Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2006.
  18. Iannuzzi, Al Jr., Industry Self-Regulation and Voluntary Environmental Compliance, United States: CRC Press, 2002.
  19. Kojima, Michikazu. "Rating Programme Revisited: In the Case of Indonesia", dalam Tadayoshi Terao, Kenji Otsuka, Development of Environmental Policy in Japan and Asian Countries, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  20. Kolb, Robert W. Encyclopedia of business ethics and society, Sage Publication, 2008.
  21. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, Sekilas Proper, Dulu, Sekarang dan Masa Mendatang, Deputi Bidang Dampak Pengendalian Sumber Institusi, 2005.
  22. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, Laporan Hasil Publikasi Proper Periode 2017-2018, Jakarta 2018.
  23. _______, Laporan Hasil Publikasi Proper Periode 2016-2017, Jakarta 2017.
  24. _______, Laporan Hasil Publikasi Proper Periode 2014-2015, Jakarta 2015.
  25. _______, Laporan Hasil Publikasi Proper Periode 2008-2009, Jakarta 2009.
  26. Lyon, Thomas P. John W. Maxwell. Corporate Environmentalism and Public Policy, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  27. OECD, Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Policy: An Assessment, (Paris, OECD, 1999) hlm.8
  28. Potoski, Matthew., Aseem Prakash., Voluntary Programs, Compliance and The Regulation Dilemma, dalam Levi-Faur, David. Handbook on the Politics of Regulation, USA: Edward Elgar, 2011.
  29. Sembiring, Raynaldo. et. al., Anotasi Undang-Undang Nomor 32 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Jakarta: Indonesian Center for Environmental Law (ICEL), 2014
  30. Sullivan, Rory. Rethinking Voluntary Approaches in Environmental Policy, (London: Edward Elgar, 2005)
  31. Syarif, Laode M, Kadek Sarna. Permasalahan Lingkungan yang Penting, dalam Laode M. Syarif, Andri G. Wibisana, Hukum Lingkungan, Teori, Legislasi dan Studi Kasus, 2013.
  32. Worthington, Ian. Greening Business, Research, Theory, and Practice, (United Kingdom: Oxford University Press), 2013.
  33. Artikel jurnal/media massa
  34. Afsah, Shakeb, Benoit Laplante, Nabiel Makarim. Programme-Based Pollution Control Management: The Indonesian PROKASIH Programme. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1602, 1996
  35. Afsah, Shakeb, Benoit Laplante, David Wheeler. “REGULATION IN THE INFORMATION AGE Indonesian Public Information Program for Environmental Management.” Conference Proceedings, (1997).
  36. Alberini, Anna, Kathleen Segerson. Assessing Voluntary Programs to Improve Environmental Quality, Environmental and Resource Economics, 22: 157–184, 2002.
  37. Blackman, Allen. Can Voluntary Environmental Regulation Work in Developing Countries? Lessons from Case Studies, The Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2008;
  38. _______, Voluntary Environmental Regulation in Developing Countries (Fad or Fix?), Resources for the Future (RFF) Discussion Paper (DP), 07-10, 2007
  39. Blackman, Allen. Shakeb Afsah. “How Do Public Disclosure Pollution Control Programs Work? Evidence from Indonesia”, Discussion Paper (DP), 00–44, Washington, DC, Resources for the Future, 2000.
  40. Blackman, Allen, Uribe Eduardo, Hoof Bart van, dan Lyon Thomas P., Voluntary Environmental Agreements in Developing Countries-The Colombian Experience, Resources For Future (RFF), D P 12 - 0 6, Februari 2012
  41. Coglianese, Cary, Jennifer Nash. Motivating Without Mandates: The Role of Voluntary Programs in Environmental Governance, (2016). Faculty Scholarship. Paper 1647;
  42. Cole, Daniel H. Explaining the Persistence of ‘Command-and-Control’ in US Environmental Law, Legal Studies Research Paper Series, No. 380, 2017.
  43. Cunningham, James A., Free riders and environmental voluntary approaches, Progress in Industrial Ecology, An International Journal, Vol. 3, No. 5, 2006.
  44. Darnall, Nicole, Matthew Potoski. Sponsorship matters: Assessing business participation in government and industry sponsored voluntary environmental programs, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, March 2010.
  45. Dasgupta, Susmita, Hemamala Hettige, David Wheeler. What Improves Environmental Compliance? Evidence from Mexican Industry, Volume 39, Issue 1, January 2000, Pages 39-66
  46. Frey, Bruno S., Yuval Feldman. Five Models of Regulatory Compliance Motivation Empirical Findings and Normative Implications, Bar-Ilan University Public Law and Legal Theory, Working Paper No. 12-10, 2010.
  47. Frey, Bruno S., Alois Stutzer. Environmental Morale and Motivation, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics University of Zurich, Working Paper No. 288, April 2006
  48. Gamper-Rabindran, Shanti, Stephen R Finger. Does industry self-regulation reduce pollution? Responsible Care in the chemical industry, J Regul Econ, 43:1–30, 2013.
  49. Gunningham, Neil., Robert A Kagan., Dorothy Thornton. Social License and Environment Protection: Why Businesses Go Beyond Compliance, 29 Law & Soc. Inquiry 307, 2004.
  50. Gunningham, Neil, Darren Sinclair. Regulatory Pluralism: Designing Policy Mixes for Environmental Protection, Law and Policy, Vol. 21, No. 1, 49–76, 1999.
  51. Higley, Charles J, François Lévêque. Environmental Voluntary Approaches: Research Insights for Policy-Makers, (CERNA, Centre d’économie industrielle Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris), 2001.
  52. ICEL, Catatan Awal Tahun 2019: “Narasi Yang Hilang Dalam Proyeksi Kebijakan Lingkungan Hidup Capres-Cawapres”, ICEL, 2019
  53. Ispo, http://www.ispo-org.or.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=114&Itemid=279&lang=ina, diakses tanggal 22 Agustus 2019
  54. Kementerian Perindustrian, http://www.kemenperin.go.id/jawaban_attachment.php?id=6000&id_t=21781, diakses tanggal 20 januari 2019
  55. Lee, Eungkyoon. Information Disclosure and Environmental Regulation: Green lights and Gray Areas, Regulation And Governance, v.4 n. 3, p. 303-328, 2010
  56. Lopez, Jorge Garcia. The Institutional History Of Indonesia’s Environmental Rating And Public Disclosure Program - Proper, 2011, http://erblegacy.snre.umich.edu/News-and-Events/news-events-docs/11-12/eco-labels2011/JorgeGarciaLopez.pdf, diakses tanggal 14 Juli 2018
  57. Pemerintah Provinsi Lampung, 12 Juni 2016, http://lampungprov.go.id/berita/gubernur-beri-penghargaan-kepada-pemkabpemkot-dan-perusahaan-peduli-lingkungan.html, diakses tanggal 31 Juli 2018
  58. Potoski, Matthew, Aseem Prakash. Covenants with Weak Swords: ISO 14001 and Facilities' Environmental Performance, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 745-769, Fall, 2005
  59. Prakash, Aseem, Matthew Potoski. Voluntary Environmental Programs: A Comparative Perspective, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 123-138, WINTER, 2012
  60. Scholz, John T., "Cooperative regulatory enforcement and the politics of administrative effectiveness", American Political Science Review, 85 (1), 115–36., 1991
  61. Stretesky, Paul B. Corporate Self-Policing And The Environment, Criminology Volume 44 Number 3, 2006.
  62. Telle, Kjetil. The threat of regulatory environmental inspection: impact on plant performance, J Regul Econ, 35:154–178, 2009
  63. Tietenberg, Tom. Disclosure Strategies for Pollution Control, Environmental and Resource Economics, 11(3-4): 587-602, 1998.
  64. Wamad, Sudirman. "34 Rumah Sakit Diduga Buang Limbah Medis di Cirebon", Kamis 14 Desember 2017, sumber https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-3770128/34-rumah-sakit-diduga-buang-limbah-medis-di-cirebon, diakses tanggal 1 Agustus 2018.
  65. Wibisana, Andri G. Instrumen Ekonomi, Command And Control dan Instrumen Lainnya: Kawan Atau Lawan?, Suatu Tinjauan Berdasarkan Smart Regulation, Bina Hukum Lingkungan, Volume 4, Nomor 1, Oktober 2019
  66. a) Lain-lain
  67. Badan Pusat Statistik, https://www.bps.go.id/statictable/2010/01/18/1053/jumlah-industri-pengolahan-besar-dan-sedang-jawa-dan-luar-jawa-2001-2015.html, diakses 22 Januari 2018.
  68. USAID, ICEL, MOE, AECEN, 2008, Environmental Compliance and Enforcement in Indonesia Rapid Assessment, sumber : https://www.aecen.org/sites/default/files/ID_Assessment.pdf, diakses 14 Juli 2018
  69. Wibisana, Andri G., Penaatan Hukum Lingkungan: Command and Control, Instrumen Ekonomi, dan Penaatan Sukarela, Bahan Ajar Fakultas Hukum UI, 2016.